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Minimal Organization: RHEINBOGEN BANK, Universalbank – das Gelände im Modell von schräg oben

模拟 · Minimal Organization · Money and insurance

Bank

A bank as a walkable model: a business loan from first vote to disbursement, with sales and risk kept apart up to the board, in a running simulation.

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All data are fictional – RHEINBOGEN BANK does not exist. The model can be fitted to your bank's real data and filled with what is visible nowhere today: lead times by loan type and authority level, or applications per analyst and committee date.

The business loan approval process at a bank, as a running model. At the fictional RHEINBOGEN BANK, sales and risk are kept apart all the way up to the board – on the site they even sit in two separate buildings, the tower and the risk house. The main process shows a business loan with a first vote, rating, collateral valuation, anti-money-laundering check and a decision by the back office. Above its authority limit, the loan goes to the credit committee, which meets only on Tuesdays.

The site also includes an operations centre and a data centre. Alongside the loan, an instant payment goes out within seconds after a fraud check, and the bank secures its liquidity in a stress scenario. An interest rate shock forces every open application to be recalculated for ten days.

The authority limit and the effect of scoring are model assumptions. Documented in the sources: the separation of sales and risk, the second vote and the three lines of defence. This page is for the board, credit management, corporate banking, organisational development, training and internal audit.

A company gets a loan

  1. 01

    First vote by the relationship manager: The relationship manager reviews the application and gives the first vote.

  2. 02

    Analysis, collateral and AML check run at the same time.

  3. 03

    Credit analysis and rating: Credit analysis works through accounts and plans and assigns a rating: the second vote.

  4. 04

    Value collateral: Land, machines, receivables: what is the collateral worth?

  5. 05

    Anti-money laundering and customer check: Who really owns the company? Is anyone on a sanctions list?

  6. 06

    Both votes and all checks are in.

  7. 07

    Determine authority level: Depending on the amount, the back office decides itself or the credit committee does.

  8. 08

    Decision in the back office: The back office decides within its authority.

  9. 09

    Credit committee (Tuesdays): The credit committee meets on Tuesdays.

  10. 10

    Company provides more: Approved with conditions: the company must provide more.

  11. 11

    Again: Credit analysis and rating: Analysis checks the additional documents.

  12. 12

    Declined.

  13. 13

    Contract and collateral: Loan processing drafts the contract and arranges collateral.

  14. 14

    Notary and land registry: Notary and land registry register the land charge.

  15. 15

    Disbursement: The money goes to the company account.

  16. 16

    Disbursed.

How a bank can use the model

  • Internal communication

    The diagram ‘Who leads whom’ shows sales and risk as two pillars that only meet at board level. ‘Management levels as a staircase’ shows how many levels lie between relationship manager and board.

    适用对象Board, organisational development, internal comms

  • Onboarding

    New colleagues see the handovers of a loan between the tower and the risk house in the collaboration view – from first vote to disbursement.

    适用对象New staff in corporate banking, credit analysis and loan processing

  • Training

    Trainees play through the fraud wave: for one day every manual review takes three times as long. The ‘Fraud rules’ control shows how stricter rules hold more payments for review.

    适用对象Apprentices, graduate trainees, payments

  • Explaining to customers

    Business customers see why one day's delay can cost a week: above the authority limit, the loan waits for the next Tuesday. ‘Year, week, day’ shows the weekly rhythm.

    适用对象Relationship managers, business customers

  • Strategic overview

    Higher back-office authority, scoring for small loans, more analysts: ‘What each control does’ weighs speed against risk before the authority rules are changed.

    适用对象Board, risk control, credit management

What is shown – why – for whom

展示内容 为什么 适用对象
Diagram ‘Who leads whom’: sales and risk up to the board 为什么Makes visible the separation the supervisor requires. 适用对象Board, internal audit, supervisors
Diagram ‘Management levels as a staircase’ 为什么Shows the levels between relationship manager and board. 适用对象Organisational development
Diagram ‘Where the time goes’: rating, collateral, committee 为什么Shows where the ten days get stuck. 适用对象Corporate banking, credit management
Diagram ‘Year, week, day’: credit committee on Tuesdays 为什么Explains why one day's delay can cost a week. 适用对象Relationship managers, customers
Diagram ‘What each control does’: authority, scoring, analysts 为什么Weighs speed against risk. 适用对象Board, risk control
Collaboration view between the tower and the risk house 为什么Shows the handovers of a loan. 适用对象Onboarding, training
Process ‘An instant payment goes out’ with the control ‘Fraud rules’ 为什么Shows processes in seconds next to processes in days. 适用对象Payments, fraud prevention

Departments in the model

  • Management board

    Runs the bank; responsible for risk management.

  • Supervisory board

    Oversees the management board, with risk and audit committees.

  • Chief risk officer (back office)

    A separate board portfolio: front office and back office are separated up to the board.

  • Retail customers

    Accounts, cards, mortgages and advice in branches and online.

  • Corporate clients

    Serves companies and gives the first vote on loans.

  • Credit analysis

    Assesses creditworthiness and rating independently of sales and gives the second vote.

  • Loan processing

    Values collateral, drafts contracts, monitors running loans.

  • Workout

    Takes over loans that get into trouble.

  • Risk control

    Measures the risks of the whole bank: second line of defence.

  • Compliance and AML

    Customer checks (KYC), sanctions, suspicious transaction reports; the money laundering officer sits here.

  • Internal audit

    Audits all areas independently: third line of defence.

  • Treasury

    Manages liquidity and interest rate risk; arranges funding.

  • Trading

    Trades securities, rates and currencies for clients and the bank.

  • Payments

    Books and forwards transfers, direct debits and card payments.

  • Fraud prevention

    Checks suspicious payments within seconds – by hand when in doubt.

  • IT

    Core banking, data centre, security; outsourcing is managed, not handed off.

  • Regulatory reporting

    Reports capital and liquidity to the supervisor.

  • Legal

    Contracts, collateral, disputes.

All processes in the model

A company gets a loan

  1. 01First vote by the relationship manager: The relationship manager reviews the application and gives the first vote.
  2. 02Analysis, collateral and AML check run at the same time.
  3. 03Credit analysis and rating: Credit analysis works through accounts and plans and assigns a rating: the second vote.
  4. 04Value collateral: Land, machines, receivables: what is the collateral worth?
  5. 05Anti-money laundering and customer check: Who really owns the company? Is anyone on a sanctions list?
  6. 06Both votes and all checks are in.
  7. 07Determine authority level: Depending on the amount, the back office decides itself or the credit committee does.
  8. 08Decision in the back office: The back office decides within its authority.
  9. 09Credit committee (Tuesdays): The credit committee meets on Tuesdays.
  10. 10Company provides more: Approved with conditions: the company must provide more.
  11. 11Again: Credit analysis and rating: Analysis checks the additional documents.
  12. 12Declined.
  13. 13Contract and collateral: Loan processing drafts the contract and arranges collateral.
  14. 14Notary and land registry: Notary and land registry register the land charge.
  15. 15Disbursement: The money goes to the company account.
  16. 16Disbursed.

An instant payment goes out

  1. 01Order in online banking: Someone authorises an instant payment in online banking – with strong authentication.
  2. 02Verification of payee: Does the name match the account? The payee's bank answers instantly.
  3. 03Fraud and sanctions screening: A machine checks patterns and sanctions lists in milliseconds.
  4. 04Manual review: A person looks at the payment and calls if needed.
  5. 05Prepare suspicious transaction report: Suspicion of money laundering or fraud: compliance prepares a report.
  6. 06Report to the intelligence unit: The report goes to the intelligence unit.
  7. 07Payment stopped.
  8. 08Book and forward: The core banking system books and forwards.
  9. 09Clearing via TIPS: The central bank clearing settles between banks.
  10. 10Credit at the payee's bank: The payee's bank credits the account.
  11. 11Arrived.

The bank secures its liquidity

  1. 01Early warning: outflows: Treasury sees unusual outflows – customers withdraw money.
  2. 02Crisis team: The crisis team activates the contingency plan.
  3. 03Collateral to the central bank, communication, report to the supervisor – at the same time.
  4. 04Collateral at the central bank: Securities go to the central bank as collateral, liquidity comes back.
  5. 05Communication to clients and market: Customers and market are informed.
  6. 06Liquidity report to the supervisor: Reporting informs the supervisor.
  7. 07All measures are running.
  8. 08Review: are the outflows covered?: Treasury checks: are the outflows covered?
  9. 09Sell securities: Trading sells securities.
  10. 10Review and contingency plan: Risk control evaluates and adjusts the contingency plan.
  11. 11Supervisor assesses: The supervisor assesses the situation and the review.
  12. 12Stable.

What you can change

Controls

  • Loan demand: How many companies apply for loans.
  • Credit analysts: How many applications credit analysis handles at once.
  • Scoring for small loans: A scoring model speeds up analysis; default risk may rise (model assumption).
  • Back office authority: The back office decides more loans itself, fewer wait for the committee.
  • Fraud rules: Stricter rules hold more payments for review.

Disruptions

  • Core banking outage: The core banking system is down for two hours: no bookings, no disbursements, payments pile up. Severe IT incidents must be reported to the supervisor.
  • Interest rate shock: For ten days: companies apply less often, but every open application has to be recalculated.
  • Fraud wave: A day of new fraud patterns: every manual review takes three times as long.

What the model gives a bank

  • 01

    A separation you can walk through

    Sales and risk sit in two buildings. Walking between them, people grasp the separation the supervisor requires without reading an org chart.

  • 02

    Where the ten days go

    The simulation runs queues in front of rating, collateral and committee. ‘Where the time goes’ shows where an application is waiting right now.

  • 03

    Seconds next to days

    Instant payments with payee verification and fraud screening run in the same model as the loan process, which takes days.

  • 04

    Rehearse a crisis

    Core banking outage, interest rate shock, fraud wave: trigger three disruptions and watch what they do to the queues.

  • 05

    For committees and classrooms

    Runs in the browser and on large projections; on first start a guided tour walks through the views and diagrams.

Basis and limits

Fictional bank · model based on researched industry structures and regulation · no forecast for real banks

1 case = 1 loan application, 1000 instant payments or 1 liquidity event · 1 figure ≈ 25 employees

All volumes, durations, rates and capacities are model assumptions, not values of a real bank.

The authority limit (back office or committee) and the effect of scoring are model assumptions.

Documented: separation of front and back office up to the board, second vote, three lines of defence, 10-second target and payee verification for instant payments.

Public sources the model is based on:

  • Kreditwesengesetz §§ 25c, 25d
  • BaFin: Mindestanforderungen an das Risikomanagement (MaRisk)
  • EBA Guidelines on Internal Governance (EBA/GL/2021/05)
  • EZB: TARGET-Dienste (T2, TIPS)
  • Verordnung (EU) 2024/886 (Echtzeitüberweisungen)
  • Verordnung (EU) 2022/2554 (DORA)
  • Geldwäschegesetz

Your bank as a model

Would you like to see your loan process, authority rules or payments operation like this? Contact us by email or phone and we'll discuss which data the model needs. On request you'll also receive the password to open RHEINBOGEN BANK yourself.

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All data are fictional – RHEINBOGEN BANK does not exist. The model can be fitted to your bank's real data and filled with what is visible nowhere today: lead times by loan type and authority level, or applications per analyst and committee date.