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Simulation · Minimal Energy · Overview

Germany 1975–2025

Fifty years of energy supply on one map: 365 sites, ten grid regions and the power of every hour – from two separate grids in 1975 to wind and sun in 2025.

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Trailer

Real are the location, capacity and operating years of the 365 sites from public sources (AG Energiebilanzen, German Environment Agency, Federal Network Agency, BASE) as well as grid and terrain (OpenStreetMap, open elevation data). What happens each hour – dispatch, flows between the ten regions, storage, CO₂ – is calculated by a deliberately simple model; corridors and couplings are model assumptions. With your data it shows more, such as your grid region, your plants or load profiles that appear on no single map today.

Germany’s power mix from 1975 to 2025 on one map: 365 sites with power plants, open-cast mines, wind farms, solar fields, storage, refineries and lines. Ten grid regions each carry a stack of cubes – one cube is one gigawatt of power in this hour, the colour the energy source, the frame the demand. Dots on the arcs show power flowing between the regions and across the borders; red means congestion.

The year slider runs through fifty years: in 1975 West Germany, East Germany and West Berlin run separate grids, from 1990 they grow together, in 2011 eight nuclear plants go offline after Fukushima, on 15 April 2023 the last three, and by 2025 wind and sun deliver most of the power. Tiles for season, time of day, wind, sun and demand change the situation at once. Switch off a power plant and you see who steps in and how CO₂ and imports change.

Four situations are set with one click: dark doldrums, stormy night, sunny noon and a winter evening in 1985. Diagrams calculate live, from the power mix to the merit order and the nuclear plants, and twelve walkable places lead from the map into the detail. The page is for everyone who plans, decides or explains energy: operators and grid planners, municipalities, chambers and associations, schools, universities and museums.

Power now

  1. 01

    One cube stack per region (1 cube = 1 GW)

  2. 02

    arcs between the regions (dots = power, red = congestion)

  3. 03

    borders (imports, exports)

  4. 04

    frame = demand

A country made of blocks

01

A country made of blocks

The map of Germany shows fifty years of energy supply from 1975 to 2025 with 365 sites: power plants, open-cast mines, wind farms, solar fields, storage, refineries and lines.

When wind delivers more than is needed

02

When wind delivers more than is needed

Stormy night – Winter gale at 3 am with low demand. Wind delivers more than is needed.

What is shown – why – for whom

Ce qui est montré Pourquoi Pour qui
Cube stacks per grid region: one cube 1 GW, the frame the demand Pourquoishows at a glance where power is generated and where it is needed Pour quiGrid planning, municipalities
Arcs between the regions and across the borders, red means congestion Pourquoishows flows, imports and exports and where the grid gets tight Pour quiGrid operations, policymakers
Diagram ‘Power mix 1975–2025’ Pourquoishows how generation by source shifts over fifty years Pour quiSchools, universities, the public
Diagram ‘Who supplies first’ Pourquoiexplains the merit order in which the plants step in by cost Pour quiStudents, energy industry, associations
Diagram ‘CO₂ since 1990’ and the CO₂ view per region Pourquoishows emissions per year, per hour and per kilowatt hour Pour quiClimate protection, municipalities, public relations
Event ‘Dark doldrums’ Pourquoishows who steps in when wind and sun are missing Pour quiTeaching, system planning
Diagram ‘The nuclear plants’ Pourquoishows every nuclear plant from start-up to shutdown Pour quiMuseums, exhibitions, teaching
Making CO₂ visible

03

Making CO₂ visible

One stack per region: one cube is 1,000 t of CO₂ in this hour, the label carries the amount and grams per kilowatt hour – 1990 and 2025 compared.

Two grids become one

04

Two grids become one

Before 1990 West Germany, East Germany and West Berlin run as separate systems; afterwards the grids grow together.

Films from the model

  • A day in time-lapse

    From morning to midnight: the sun moves, the stacks grow and shrink with wind, sun and demand, at night windows and plants light up.

  • Fifty years in thirty seconds

    From 1975 to 2025: coal and nuclear go, wind and sun arrive, the grids of East and West grow together.

  • Five views

    Power, heat, fuels, storage and CO₂ – the same world read five different ways, with values right at the plants.

  • Dark doldrums, storm, sun

    Three typical situations in a row: a winter evening without wind or sun, a stormy night with surplus, a sunny midday with photovoltaics.

  • Six diagrams

    Calculated live from the model and lit like a film: ‘Power mix 1975–2025’, ‘Energy flow now’, ‘Who supplies first’, ‘CO₂ since 1990’, ‘Germany as a plaster model’, ‘Imports and exports’.

  • Using the software

    With the full interface: year, tiles, an event, switching off a power plant, CO₂ view, diagram with panel, search.

Facilities and areas in the model

  • Power plants (162)

    Nuclear, lignite and hard coal, gas, oil, hydro, biomass, waste, pumped storage – each with units, capacity and years of operation.

  • Wind farms and turbines

    Onshore by capacity per federal state, offshore every turbine with its year.

  • Photovoltaics

    Fields by capacity per federal state.

  • Open-cast mines and collieries (96)

    Mining of lignite and hard coal.

  • Refineries, gas storage, LNG terminals

    Oil and gas with their pipelines.

  • Grid

    Ten grid regions, corridors between them, couplings to the neighbours, extra-high-voltage lines.

  • Twelve walkable places

    Rhineland lignite district, Düsseldorf Lausward, Herdecke, Datteln 4, Lingen, Paderborn plateau, North Sea off Borkum, Wesseling, Wilhelmshaven, Coast near Norden, Bochum · MARK 51°7, Hamm-Uentrop.

Every power plant with its value

05

Every power plant with its value

Closer in, columns stand next to every plant – by output or emissions in this hour.

Numbers right on the map

06

Numbers right on the map

Regions with their values – generation and demand in gigawatts, power exchanged with the neighbours at the borders.

Processes in the model

Power now

  1. 01One cube stack per region (1 cube = 1 GW)
  2. 02arcs between the regions (dots = power, red = congestion)
  3. 03borders (imports, exports)
  4. 04frame = demand

Changing a situation

  1. 01tile for season, time of day, wind, sun or demand
  2. 02the model recalculates
  3. 03stacks, arcs and key figures follow at once
  4. 04“What is happening” reports the effect

Switching off a power plant

  1. 01tap a power plant
  2. 02“Switch off”
  3. 03other plants, storage or imports step in
  4. 04CO₂ and imports change

Fifty years

  1. 011975
  2. 021990: the grids grow together
  3. 032011: nuclear plants go
  4. 042023: end of nuclear power
  5. 052025: wind and sun ahead

How the map of Germany can be used

  • Operations and grid planning

    Ten grid regions, corridors and couplings to the neighbours in one picture: where the arcs turn red, there is congestion. The diagram ‘Who supplies first’ shows in which order the plants step in by cost.

    Pour quiOperators, grid and system planning

  • Municipalities and regions

    What does your own region contribute? The regional values give generation and demand in gigawatts, the CO₂ view kilotonnes per hour and grams per kilowatt hour – a basis for talks about expansion and structural change.

    Pour quiMunicipalities, economic development, chambers and associations

  • Schools and universities

    What happens on the grid during dark doldrums? One click sets the winter evening without wind or sun: gas and coal plants, storage and imports carry almost all of the demand. The tour leads through fifty years in nine steps.

    Pour quiTeachers, pupils, energy engineering students

  • Museums and exhibitions

    Fifty years in thirty seconds: coal and nuclear go, wind and sun come, the grids of East and West grow together. At the welcome, visitors choose: explore themselves, take the tour or watch.

    Pour quiMuseums, exhibitions, visitor centres

  • Public communication and structural change

    Coal exit, nuclear exit, energy transition: the diagram ‘CO₂ since 1990’ shows emissions per year and per kilowatt hour, the CO₂ view the same hour in 1990 and 2025 – wind and sun shrink the stacks.

    Pour quiPublic relations, associations, policymakers and administration

Diagrams from the model

07

Diagrams from the model

Eleven diagrams are calculated live from the same data and lit like a film – here the energy flow of this hour.

The whole software

08

The whole software

Year, tiles, views, events, switching off, search and tour – everything acts on the picture at once.

What you can change

Controls

  • Year 1975–2025: plants appear and disappear, mix and grid change; ▶ lets the years run.
  • Season: snow, foliage, meadows, chimney smoke; more heat and power demand in winter, more sun in summer.
  • Time of day: sun position, dusk, night with windows and street lights; demand follows the daily profile.
  • Wind: rotors turn faster, sea state, smoke plumes lie flat; wind power rises, curtailment in a storm.
  • Sun: clouds and soft shadows; photovoltaics deliver more or less.
  • Demand (households, industry): more lit windows, plant lighting, chimney smoke; more expensive plants step in.
  • Views: power, heat, fuels, storage, CO₂ – each with its own columns, stacks and values.

Events

  • Dark doldrums: Winter evening without wind or sun. Gas and coal plants, storage and imports have to carry almost all of the demand. Look for: brown and orange cubes, purple batteries, white cubes = power from abroad, CO₂ rises.
  • Stormy night: Winter gale at 3 am with low demand. Wind delivers more than is needed. Look for: blue cubes above the frame, power flows south and abroad, yellow rings show curtailment, storage charges.
  • Sunny noon: Sunday in June, 1 pm, cloudless. Solar covers more than half of the demand. Look for: yellow cubes mainly in the south, coal throttles, batteries charge, power goes abroad.
  • Winter evening 1985: Two separate grids: nuclear and hard coal in the West, lignite in the GDR. Wind and solar play no role yet. Look for: pink and brown cubes, no power between East and West.
  • Switch off: Kraftwerk Frimmersdorf: The model calculates without this plant; the top shows who steps in, CO₂ and imports change.

What the map offers

  • 01

    Fifty years on one map

    The year slider shows 1975, 1990, 2000, 2011 and 2025 on the same map. Plants appear and disappear, mix and grid change; ▶ lets the years run.

  • 02

    Calculated every hour

    Wind, sun, season, time of day and demand act at once: stacks, arcs and key figures follow, and ‘What is happening’ reports the effect.

  • 03

    Intervene instead of watching

    Tap a power plant, ‘Switch off’: the model shows at once whether other plants, storage or imports step in and how CO₂ and imports change.

  • 04

    Five views, one world

    Power, heat, fuels, storage and CO₂ – each view with its own columns, stacks and values right on the map. The search in the menu finds places, power plants with capacity and years, diagrams and events.

  • 05

    Twelve places to walk through

    From the map you enter twelve walkable places, from the Rhineland lignite district to Hamm-Uentrop, each with its own picture. Designed by an artist and developer.

  • 06

    In the browser and on the big screen

    A browser is enough, and for talks, lessons and exhibitions the map also holds up on large projections. The tour leads through fifty years of energy in nine steps.

  • Deutschland 2025 am Mittag – je Netzregion ein Würfelstapel, ein Würfel ist 1 GW Strom in dieser Stunde.
    Germany 2025 at noon – one stack per grid region, one cube is 1 GW of power in this hour.
  • Die Karte von Norden – Küste und Windparks vorn, die Alpen am Horizont.
    The map from the north – coast and wind farms in front, the Alps on the horizon.
  • Die Deutschlandkarte zeigt fünfzig Jahre Energieversorgung von 1975 bis 2025 mit 365 Standorten: Kraftwerke, Tagebaue, Windparks, Solarfelder, Speicher, Raffinerien und Leitungen.
    Evening over Germany – the cities glow, power flows on the arcs between the regions.
  • Nacht – Städte als Lichtpunkte, die Stapel zeigen, wer jetzt liefert.
    Night – cities as points of light, the stacks show who delivers now.
  • Winter – Schnee liegt auf dem Land, die Nachfrage ist hoch.
    Winter – snow on the land, demand is high.
  • Das Rheinland nah – Tagebaue, Kraftwerke und die gelben Namen der begehbaren Orte.
    The Rhineland close up – open-cast mines, power plants and the yellow names of the walkable places.
  • Die Küste – Windräder an Land und auf See, Kabel bringen den Strom ins Land.
    The coast – wind turbines on land and at sea, cables bring the power inland.
  • 1990 von Osten – zwei Stromsysteme, die erst zusammenwachsen.
    1990 from the east – two power systems that are only starting to grow together.
  • Sonnenmittag – Sonntag im Juni, 13 Uhr, wolkenlos. Photovoltaik deckt mehr als die Hälfte der Nachfrage.
    Sunny noon – Sunday in June, 1 pm, cloudless. Solar covers more than half of the demand.
  • Dunkelflaute – Winterabend ohne Wind und Sonne. Gas- und Kohlekraftwerke, Speicher und Strom aus dem Ausland müssen fast die ganze Nachfrage tragen.
    Dark doldrums – Winter evening without wind or sun. Gas and coal plants, storage and imports have to carry almost all of the demand.
  • Sturmnacht – Wintersturm um 3 Uhr nachts bei wenig Nachfrage. Der Wind liefert mehr, als gebraucht wird.
    Stormy night – Winter gale at 3 am with low demand. Wind delivers more than is needed.
  • Winterabend 1985 – Zwei getrennte Stromnetze: im Westen Kernenergie und Steinkohle, in der DDR Braunkohle. Wind und Sonne spielen noch keine Rolle.
    Winter evening 1985 – Two separate grids: nuclear and hard coal in the West, lignite in the GDR. Wind and solar play no role yet.
  • Ansicht Wärme – Ringe zeigen den Wärmebedarf der Regionen und die Kraft-Wärme-Kopplung.
    Heat view – rings show the heat demand of the regions and combined heat and power.
  • Ansicht Brennstoffe – Gas-, Öl- und Wasserstoffleitungen mit ihrem Fluss, Kohle vom Tagebau zum Kraftwerk.
    Fuels view – gas, oil and hydrogen pipelines with their flow, coal from the mine to the plant.
  • Ansicht Speicher – Pumpspeicher und Batterien, Grün lädt, Orange gibt ab.
    Storage view – pumped storage and batteries, green charges, orange discharges.
  • Je Region ein Stapel: Ein Würfel ist 1.000 t CO₂ in dieser Stunde, am Namen stehen Menge und Gramm je Kilowattstunde – 1990 und 2025 im Vergleich.
    CO₂ view 1990 – one stack per region, one cube is 1,000 t of CO₂ in this hour.
  • Dieselbe Stunde 2025 – Wind und Sonne lassen die CO₂-Stapel schrumpfen.
    The same hour in 2025 – wind and sun shrink the CO₂ stacks.
  • 1975 – Kohle, Öl und die ersten Kernkraftwerke, BRD und DDR mit getrennten Netzen.
    1975 – coal, oil and the first nuclear plants, East and West with separate grids.
  • Vor 1990 arbeiten BRD, DDR und West-Berlin als getrennte Systeme, danach wachsen die Netze zusammen.
    1990 – the year of reunification, the grids are still separate.
  • 2000 – die ersten großen Windparks, das Netz ist zusammengewachsen.
    2000 – the first large wind farms, the grid has grown together.
  • 2011 – nach Fukushima gehen acht Kernkraftwerke vom Netz.
    2011 – after Fukushima eight nuclear plants go off the grid.
  • 2025 – Wind und Sonne liefern den größten Teil, Speicher und Netze werden zur Hauptaufgabe.
    2025 – wind and sun deliver most of it, storage and grids become the main task.
  • Näher heran stehen Säulen neben jedem Werk – nach Leistung oder Ausstoß in dieser Stunde.
    The Rhineland in 1990 in the CO₂ view – columns by the emissions of each plant.
  • Das Emsland 2015 – Kernkraft und Gas nebeneinander, die Säulen zeigen die Leistung jetzt.
    The Emsland in 2015 – nuclear and gas side by side, the columns show the output now.
  • Der Osten nah – Braunkohle in der Lausitz und um Leipzig.
    The east close up – lignite in Lusatia and around Leipzig.
  • Regionen mit ihren Werten – Erzeugung und Bedarf in Gigawatt, an den Grenzen der Strom mit den Nachbarn.
    Regions with their values – generation and demand in gigawatts, power exchanged with the neighbours at the borders.
  • CO₂ je Region – Kilotonnen je Stunde und Gramm je Kilowattstunde.
    CO₂ per region – kilotonnes per hour and grams per kilowatt hour.
  • Näher heran nennt jedes Kraftwerk seinen Ausstoß jetzt.
    Closer in, every power plant names its emissions now.
  • Schaubild „Strommix 1975–2025“ – wie sich die Stromerzeugung je Energieträger über fünfzig Jahre verschiebt.
    Diagram ‘Power mix 1975–2025’ – how generation by source shifts over fifty years.
  • Elf Schaubilder werden live aus denselben Daten gerechnet und kinohaft ausgeleuchtet – hier der Energiefluss dieser Stunde.
    Diagram ‘Energy flow now’ – how fuels, power, heat and losses flow in this hour.
  • Schaubild „Wer zuerst liefert“ – in welcher Reihenfolge die Kraftwerke nach Kosten einspringen.
    Diagram ‘Who supplies first’ – in which order the plants step in by cost.
  • Schaubild „CO₂ seit 1990“ – den CO₂-Ausstoß der Stromerzeugung je Jahr und je Kilowattstunde.
    Diagram ‘CO₂ since 1990’ – the CO₂ emissions of power generation per year and per kilowatt hour.
  • Schaubild „Deutschland als Gipsmodell“ – das Land als Relief mit den Standorten.
    Diagram ‘Germany as a plaster model’ – the country as a relief with the sites.
  • Schaubild „Import und Export“ – Strom über die Grenzen zu den Nachbarn.
    Diagram ‘Imports and exports’ – power across the borders to the neighbours.
  • Schaubild „Strommix als Ringe“ – den Strommix eines Jahres als Ringe.
    Diagram ‘Power mix as rings’ – the power mix of a year as rings.
  • Schaubild „Die Kernkraftwerke“ – jedes Kernkraftwerk von der Inbetriebnahme bis zum Ende.
    Diagram ‘The nuclear plants’ – every nuclear plant from start-up to shutdown.
  • Die ganze Software – Ortswahl, Lage, Strom aus Erneuerbaren, Ansichten, Jahr und Kacheln.
    The whole software – place selection, situation, power from renewables, views, year and tiles.
  • Willkommen – drei Wege hinein: selbst entdecken, Rundgang oder zuschauen.
    Welcome – three ways in: explore yourself, guided tour or watch.
  • Der Rundgang führt in neun Schritten durch fünfzig Jahre Energie.
    The tour leads through fifty years of energy in nine steps.
  • Jahr, Kacheln, Ansichten, Ereignisse, Abschalten, Suche und Rundgang – alles wirkt sofort im Bild.
    Event dark doldrums – one click sets year, weather and demand, the panel says what to look for.
  • Selbst eingreifen – ein Kraftwerk abgeschaltet, das Modell zeigt sofort, wer einspringt.
    Intervene yourself – a power plant switched off, the model shows at once who steps in.
  • Schaubild „Energiefluss jetzt“ mit Tafel – die Aussage in einem Satz.
    Diagram ‘Energy flow now’ with its panel – the finding in one sentence.
  • Ansicht CO₂ mit Legende und Regionswerten.
    CO₂ view with legend and regional values.
  • Suche im Menü – rund 500 Kraftwerke mit Leistung und Jahren, Orte, Schaubilder und Ereignisse.
    Search in the menu – about 500 power plants with capacity and years, places, diagrams and events.
  • Das Menü – Rundgang, Schaubilder, Ereignisse, Zuschauen, Vergleich, Link und Sprache.
    The menu – tour, diagrams, events, watch, comparison, link and language.
  • Zwölf begehbare Orte und die Deutschlandkarte, jeder mit eigenem Bild.
    Twelve walkable places and the map of Germany, each with its own picture.

Your region as a model

Would you like to show your grid region, your supply area or your plants this way, with your own figures? Write to us or give us a call, and we will discuss which data the model needs. We will send you the password to the simulation on request.

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Minimal Energy: Deutschland 1975–2025

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Basis and limits

Real are the location, capacity and operating years of the 365 sites (AG Energiebilanzen, German Environment Agency, Federal Network Agency, BASE) as well as grid and terrain (OpenStreetMap, open elevation data). What happens each hour – dispatch, flows between the ten regions, storage, CO₂ – is calculated by a deliberately simple model; corridors and couplings are model assumptions.

Public sources the model is based on:

  • Geobasis NRW (dl-de/zero-2.0)
  • LGLN Niedersachsen (CC BY 4.0)
  • OpenStreetMap-Mitwirkende (ODbL)
  • Marktstammdatenregister der Bundesnetzagentur (dl-de/by-2-0)
  • Wikipedia: Liste der deutschen Offshore-Windparks (sekundaer)
  • Wikipedia: Liste der Erdölraffinerien (sekundär)
  • Wikipedia: Liste von Pumpspeicherkraftwerken (sekundaer)
  • BASE Stilllegungsliste (07/2026); Netto: Wikipedia (sekundär); Koordinate: Wikidata
  • BVEG Jahresbericht 2025 (Daten LBEG)
  • Wikipedia: Liste deutscher Braunkohletagebaue (sekundär); Koordinate Wikidata
  • OPSD; Wikipedia: Ausstieg Kohleverstromung / Liste fossil-thermischer Kraftwerke (sekundär)
  • OPSD; Wikipedia: Liste fossil-thermischer Kraftwerke (sekundär)
  • Wikipedia: Liste von Solarkraftwerken in Deutschland (sekundaer)
  • OPSD; Wikipedia: Liste fossil-thermischer Kraftwerke (sekundär)
  • Wikipedia: Liste von Wasserkraftwerken in Deutschland (sekundaer)

More places in the model

← Minimal Energy

Real are the location, capacity and operating years of the 365 sites from public sources (AG Energiebilanzen, German Environment Agency, Federal Network Agency, BASE) as well as grid and terrain (OpenStreetMap, open elevation data). What happens each hour – dispatch, flows between the ten regions,…